The game is usually best played with at least four players. The object is to obtain a hand with a value total as close as possible to 31, from which the name of the game is taken. In the 1670s, Francis Willughby recorded Thirty-One being played in England. However, it spread rapidly across Europe to become popular in France, England and Ireland and is a precursor to Vingt-Un. Thirty-One is first mentioned in a French translation of a 1440 sermon by the Italian, Saint Bernadine, so may be of Italian origin. The game is also known as Blitz, Scat, Cadillac in south Louisiana and Mississippi, Cad in Pennsylvania, Whammy! in central Indiana, Juble in Oklahoma and Kansas, as also as Kitty, High Hat, Ride the Bus and Geronimo. It should also not be confused with other games called 31 including Schwimmen (also known as Schnauz or Hosen 'runter) and the Greek banking game of 31. Although the game is also known as Scat it has no connexion whatsoever with Germany's national card game of Skat. Such a goal has formed the whole or part of various games like Commerce, Cribbage, Trentuno, and Wit and Reason since the 15th century. Thirty-one or Trente et un is a gambling card game played by two to seven people, where players attempt to assemble a hand which totals 31. (The ace scores 11 and the two court cards each score 10.) A blitz hand of three same-suit cards scoring 31, which immediately ends the game in victory when attained by a player.
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